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Stafford, R.; Goodenough, A.E.; Slater, K.; Carpenter, W.; Collins, L.; Cruickshank, H.; Downing, S.; Hall, S.; McDonald, K.; McDonnell, H.; Overs, B.; Spiers, L.; Stetter, M.; Zitzer, H.; Hart, A.G.
Inferential and visual analysis of ethogram data using multivariate techniques
2012  Animal Behaviour (83): 563-569

Activity budgets are frequently used to examine behaviours of animals, especially of large mammals in field or captivity conditions (e.g. Altmann 1974; Wheller & Bennett 2001; MacNulty et al. 2007). Often, such processes are conducted using ethograms, in which a number of typical behaviours are listed (such as foraging, sleeping, walking, standing still, interacting with others) and either the duration of each behaviour within each observation period is noted or, more normally, the occurrence of a certain behaviour is recorded at a regular time interval (Dawkins 2007; Martin & Bateson 2007). The technique is simple, and clearly effective in calculating the proportion of time spent undertaking each of the behaviours.

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