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Wikenros, C.; Kuijper, D.P.J.; Behnke, R.; Schmidt, K.
Behavioural responses of ungulates to indirect cues of an ambush predator
2015 Behaviour (152): 1019-1040
Ambush predators provide more persistent cues of predation risk compared to coursing predators and are predicted to exert stronger effects on behaviour of their prey. We studied anti-predator responses of ungulates by means of camera traps to an olfactory cue (fresh scat) of an ambush predator, the Eurasian lynx (_Lynx lynx_). Roe deer (_Capreolus capreolus_) and red deer (_Cervus elaphus_) both important prey species for lynx were not more vigilant when exposed to lynx scent, but reduced their visitation duration. Our results contrast with previously reported responses of red deer to scent from a coursing predator, the wolf (_Canis lupus_), where only vigilance and foraging behaviour but not visitation duration changed in response to wolf scat. This indicates that ungulates are able to recognize the risk of predation from predators with differing hunting modes based on olfactory cues and adjust their anti-predatory behaviour.
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