Saffoe C. 2005. Using weight to determine pregnancy in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Animal Keeper's Forum 32(7/8):358-65.

Employing non-invasive management techniques for collection animals is a priority throughout the National Zoological Park (NZP). In January of 2001 staff at the NZP Cheetah Conservation Station (CCS) began weighing cheetahs on a weekly basis. Although weighing monthly is sufficient for assessing general health, we believe that monitoring weekly provides more consistent information on the cats in our collection. In addition to the health benefits of weighing cheetahs, keepers have noticed that weekly weights provide information that may be useful in determining if a female that has recently bred is actually pregnant.

Saffoe_2005_Using_weight_to_determine_pregnancy_in_cheetahs.pdf

Saint-Marc Vittori I. 2002. Assurer la survie du guépard (Acinonyx jubatus) en Namibie: l'action du Cheetah Conservation Fund. In Chapron G, Moutou F(eds). 2002. L'Etude et la Conservation des Carnivores; Paris: Société Française pour l'Etude et la Protection des Mammifères SFEPM; pp. 55- 61.

The Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) is a Namibian organization working for the surival of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Namibia hosts the last largest single population of wild cheetahs in the world, which resides primarily on farm territories, apart from protected zones. Initially scientific, CCF actions now develop a holistic approach of the cheetah conservation and include ecosystem studies, actions aimed at supporting cohabitation with the farmers and an education program towards youth. Thanks to this fundamental work, success is appearing and the audience CCF extends now beyond the Namibian borders.

Saint-Marc_Vittori_2002_Assurer_la_survie_du_guepard_en_Namibie.pdf

Sale JB. 1986. Re-introduction in Indian wildlife management. Indian Forester 112 - Special Issue on Wildlife Management(10):867-73.

After defining "re-introduction", "restocking" and "translocation", the aims of re-introduction in the management of endangered species are discussed. Ten principles to be followed when undertaking a scientific re-introduction programme are enunciated. The potential use of re-introduction in the rehabilitation of a number of Indian endangered species is discussed, with brief suggestions as to the pattern such management programmes might take.

Sale_1986_Re-introduction_in_Indian_wildlife_management.pdf

Saleh MA, Helmy I, Giegengack R. 2001. The cheetah, (Acinonyx jubatus, Schreber 1776) in Egypt (Felidae, Acinonychinae). Mammalia 65(2):177-94.

Field survey of known and potential cheetah habitats in the northern sector of the Egyptian Western Desert was carried out to collect data on the present distribution and status of that animal in Egypt. Data were also gathered on the ecological characteristics of present cheetah habitats and the status of known and potential cheetah prey species in the area. Impacts of human activities on the cheetah, and on its preys and habitats were also investigated. The results show that the cheetah has disappeared from most of its former range in the northern part of the Egyptian Western Desert. Its entire population has been reduced to what appears to be few individuals confined to a highly inaccessible area in the northern and western parts of the Qattara Depression. These individuals appear to be essentially nomadic, roaming over a vast area of the desert in search of prey. Habitats presently occupied by the cheetah in Egypt include uninhabited oasis depressions within the Qattara Depression. Large groves of Acacia raddiana west and southwest of these habitats appear to be regularly visited by cheetahs. The survey also showed that gazelles, which constitute an important cheetah prey item, have been largely exterminated throughout the study area as a result of uncontrolled illegal hunting with the exception of a small population which still survives in the western part of the Qattara Depression. Cape hare and several rodent species are numerous throughout present cheetah habitats, and may constitute the main cheetah prey in that area. We compare morphological character of cheetahs of the Egyptian Western Desert to those of cheetahs from different parts of the world range of A. jubatus. Stringent conservation measures are needed to save this rare and possibly unique population of the cheetah.

Saleh_et_al_2001_Cheetah_in_Egypt.pdf

San Diego Wild Animal Park.  Cheetahs born. 1p.

The second instance of cheetah births at the San Diego Wild Animal Park was announced by Dr. Lynn A. Griner. He feels that the key to successful breeding is a period of separation of males from females, and introduction of the two sexes at the proper time.

San_Diego_Wild_Animal_Park_-_Cheetahs_Born.pdf

Sanjayan MA, Crooks KR. 1996. Skin grafts and cheetahs. Nature 381.

Since the publication of the landmark study by O'Brien et al. on the lack of genetic variation in cheetahs, a flurry of reports have questioned this work. This skepticism is due, in part, to the acceptance of reciprocal skin grafts between unrelated cheetahs reported by O'Brien et al., a phenomenon not previously observed in wild mammals. We performed skin-graft experiments in Thomomys bottae, the pocket gopher, in order to repeat this test on an other wild species. Our results indicate that individuals from populations with low levels of genetic variation can have similar major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes, and we believe that the earlier cheetah results, because of their concordance with our work, were real phenomena.

Sanjayan_&_Crooks_1996_Skin_grafts_and_cheetahs.pdf

Sarri K. Cheetahs: A predator's role in the ecosystem Teacher's resource guide Windhoek: CCF; 129 p.

The resource guide will help provide teachers with ideas for integrating cheetah conservation education into the school curriculum and enable teachers to cover material required in the syllabus in an innovative and pleasurable way. The guide has been divided into five sections. The Introduction provides teachers with a general overview of the problems predators are facing, specifically cheetahs; Cheetah Facts  with information sheets for use in teaching about the species and as reference materials for activities; Cheetah Challenges with suggested activities related to the subject are listed. Project Topics on the Cheetah include interdisciplinary topics on the cheetah and Conservation Activities presents individual and classroom projects designed to encourage student participation in cheetah conservation.

Sarri_-_Teachers_ressource_guide_on_cheetah.pdf

Sartini B. 1994. Update on livestock guarding dog project. Cheetah Conservation Fund:5-7.

Livestock-guarding dogs provide a method of non-lethal predator control which protects farmers' livelihood while also conserving the predator species. These dogs can be a viable solution to reducing the conflict between farmers and predators in Namibia. In January 1994, the Cheetah Conservation Fund and the Livestock Guarding Dog Project, collaborated to begin a pilot project on the farmlands of Namibia. Four Anatolian shepherds, a traditional livestock guarding dog breed from Turkey, where placed with separate flocks of goats and sheep on a working commercial livestock farm. During the two-week stay, they gave lectures and talked with farmers about incorporating dogs into farm management practices. They also oversaw the initial introduction of the Anatolian shepherds on the farm.

Sartini_1994_Update_on_livestock_guarding_dog_project.pdf

Sayer JA. 1977. Conservation of large mammals in the republic of Mali. Biol Conserv 12:245-63.

In this article about the conservation of large mammals in the Republic of Mali, the cheetah is mentioned in the list of mammals observed in the country. However, very little information is available. There are few recent reports from scattered localities in the Sahel.

Dans cet article sur la conservation des grands mammifères en République du Mali, le guépard est mentionné dans la liste des mammifères observés dans le pays. Cependant, très peu d'informations sont disponibles. Il existe quelques récentes observations de localités dispersées dans le Sahel.

Sayer_1977_Conservation_of_large_mammals_in_Mali.pdf

Sayer JA. 1979. Management planning and practice: Case histories from Mali and Benin. In:Ajayi SS&HLB, editor. Wildlife Management in Savannah Woodland - Recent progress in African studies. London: Tayor & Francis Ltd; p 194-204.

The cheetah is present in the list of large mammals, but seldom seen by visitors in the Pendjari and W du Benin National Parks and its status is not known in the Baoulé National Park, Mali.

Le guépard est présent dans la liste des grands mammifères, mais uniquement observé par les visiteurs des Parcs Nationaux de la Pendjari et du W Bénin et son statut est inconnu dans le Parc National de Baoulé au Mali.

Sayer_1979_Management_planning_and_practice_-_Mali_and_Benin.pdf

Sayer JA, Green AA. 1984. The distribution and status of large mammals in Benin. Mammal Review 14(1):37-50.

Five records of one or two cheetahs were collected in the Pendjari National Park between 1974 and 1979. Cheetah was slightly more observed in the adjoining parts of Arli National Park in Upper Volta (Burkina Faso). It may still occur in the W national Park, but almost certainly extinct elsewhere in Benin. It is hunted for its skin.

Cinq observations de un ou deux guépards ont été collectées dans le Parc National de la Pendjari entre 1974 et 1979. Le guépard était un peu plus observé dans les parties adjacentes du Parc National d'Arli en Haute Volta. Il pourrait encore être présent dans le Parc National du W, mais très vraisemblablement éteint ailleurs au Bénin. Il est chassé pour sa peau.

Sayer_&_Green_1984_Distribution_and_status_of_large_mammals_in_Benin.pdf

Sayre R.  Striped and polka-dot cheetahs. :26.

Can the cheetah change its spots? Since cheetah have begun to be bred in captivity, it has become clear that the king cheetah is just a result of a recessive gene.

Sayre_-_Creatures_Striped_and_Polka-dot_Cheetahs.pdf

Schaller GB. 1968. The hunting behaviour of the cheetah in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. E Afr Wildl J 6:95-100.

Eighty-nine per cent of 136 cheetah kills in the Serengeti National Park consisted of Thomson's gazelles, the most abundant and readily available species in the size category (60 kg or less) preferred  by the cheetah. Fifty-four per cent of the Thomson's gazelle kills were subadult; among the adults all age classes were represented. One female cheetah captured 24 Thomson's gazelles in 26 days, a killing rate of 10kg/day. The actual food intake of this female was about 4 kg/day. The hunting success of cheetah pursuing large subadults and adult Thomson's gazelles was about 50 per cent. The hunting methods - including the various means of approaching prey - are described as are the typical ways of killing and feeding. Twelve per cent of the cheetah kills were appropriated by lions and hyaenas.

Schaller_1968_Hunting_behaviour_of_cheetah_-_Serengeti_NP.pdf

Schaller GB. 1972. The cheetah. In: The Serengeti Lion - A study of predator-prey relations. London: The University of Chicago Press; p 295-320.

The book chapter summarizes 150 hours of direct observation in the Serengeti by the author and gives information on distribution and numbers, movements, population dynamics, population composition, reproduction, mortality, group size and composition, communication, marking, interactions between adults, interactions between mother and young, food habits, kill frequency, food consumption and hunting behaviour.

Schaller_1972_The_cheetah_Predator-Prey_relations.pdf

Schaller GB. 1974. An enigmatic cat. In: Golden Shadows, Flying Hoves. London: Collins; p 195-212.

Although cheetah have been closely associated with man for nearly three thousand years, little was known of their habits. The author tells a story about a cheetah she met in 1967. Three generations of cheetah were observed. How the cub grow up and how they were taught by the mother and individual destinies. Cheetah has reached a peak of evolutionary perfection, but why are these cats so scarce? The reason for the cheetah's rarity must be discovered, for without help from man this enigmatic cat may well continue its retreat into extinction.

Schaller_1974_An_enigmatic_cat.pdf

Schiess-Meier M, Ramsauer M, Gabanapelo T, König B. 2007. Livestock predation - insight from problem animal control registers in Botwsana. J Wildl Manage 71(4):1267-74.

Problem Animal Control Registers, where farmers report livestock losses due to predators as a prerequisite for financial compensation, allow quantifying the human-predator conflict. We analyzed such registers from the Kweneng District of Botswana to assess the impact of native predators on livestock over 3 years. Leopards (Panthera pardus), lions (Panthera leo), wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) altogether claimed 2,272 head of livestock. During 2002, the year with the highest impact, the number of animals reported depredated (954) represented 0.34% of the livestock in the district. Leopards and lions caused 64% of the losses. Leopard livestock predation mainly affected calves and was consistent over the district and over time. In contrast, lion predation concentrated on adult cattle, was characterized by local hot spots close to reserve borders, decreased with increasing distance to a reserve, and increased during 2002, an unusually dry year. Interviews with 60 farmers and herders within 30 km of Khutse and Central Kalahari Game Reserves revealed an annual loss of 2.2% of their livestock to predators. Here, small farms (max. 100 domestic animals) suffered relatively higher losses than large, commercial farms, not only due to predation (small farms: 11.7%; large farms: 1.0%) but also from other causes (small: 12.6%; large: 2.8%), even though herders on large farms guarded 5 times more livestock per person than those on small farms. To reduce livestock predation in most of the district where lions are absent, we recommend maternity corrals for pregnant females and calves to better protect vulnerable calves during day and night. In areas close to a reserve where lions roam, herders' incentives to keep all livestock protected in a corral at night have to be enhanced because, according to the registers, only 3 predation cases were reported to have happened inside a corral.

Schiess-Meier_et_al_2007_Livestock_predation_in_Botswana.pdf

Schmieder J-U. 2000. Killing behavior in Smilodon fatalis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) based on functional anatomy and body proportions of the front- and hind limbs [dissertation]. Geologisches Institut der Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen. 83 p.

Elongated canines exclusively evolved in carnivores, which are able to stabilize their victims with their anterior extremities. It was shown that power and agility of the front limbs are strongly correlated with the development of sabers. Limb- and skull proportions of the extinct cat Smilodon fatalis were therefore compared with those of six extant species of large felids and those of  Canis lupus. Furthermore, differences in hunting behavior and locomotory capabilities were analyzed. Ratios of limb segment lengths have been shown to relate to functional and locomotory differences (e.g., cursoriality) in both extinct and extant felines. S. fatalis is equipped with relatively short and sturdy limbs. Moreover, it possessed a great angle of inclination of the olecranon fossa relative to the long axis of the humerus, in addition to a wide and laterally oriented radial notch. The radial head was more circular than in any other extant cat member. Additionally, the Teres major muscle inserts further away from the shoulder joint and the joints are more powerfully built and demonstrate a great amount of strength and flexibility. It is very likely that Smilodon preyed on the large contemporary megafauna because of its overall more powerful anatomy compared to that of modern felines. Nevertheless, it is still a matter of dispute exactly, which hunting method S. fatalis applied. It is suggested that its massive forelimbs were employed to grasp and hold large prey, which was then pulled down and finally killed or fatally wounded with a canine shear bite applied to the throat or abdomen. In contrast, the lightly built Acinonyx jubatus is found exclusively in low structured habitats, consequently it has the relatively longest limbs of all large felids, the smallest angle of inclination of the olecranon fossa and an insertion of the T. major closer to the joint. Its prey usually weighs less than its own body weight. Bivariate regression analyses on log-transformed limb segment lengths were employed to test overall differences and scaling variations in limb proportions. Multivariate  factorial- and discriminant analysis were performed on a number of limb dimensions of all the examined species. Results reveal that cats can accurately be distinguished into three different categories upon these ratios (even across taxonomic boundaries): 1. Highly cursorial felines like the cheetah, 2. Pantherine cats, including the puma, 3. Dirk-toothed cats such S. fatalis, and X. hodsonae (scimitar-toothed felid with the morphology of dirk-toothed cat).

Schmieder_2000_Killing_behavior_in_Smilodon_fatalis.pdf

Schomber HW, Kock D. 1960. The Wildlife of Tunisia. Part 2. Some larger mammals. African Wildlife 14:277-82.

The sandy regions south of the Chott el Djerid and the desert wastes south of Foum Tatahouine were once the home of the cheetah in Tunisia. Today it is only seldom encountered in the southernmost regions of Tunisia. There the cheetah finds its most important retreats where it can still hunt the addax and the slender-horned gazelle.The cheetah's principal prey, the dorcas gazelle has been totally exterminated.

Schomber_&_Kock_1960_Wildlife_of_Tunisia_-_Larger_mammals.pdf

Schroeder-MacNaughton J.  Survival of the swiftest. unknown:1-2.

Five years research of cheetahs. He started in 1986 to rear a family of five orphaned cheetahs in the wild. He taught them the rudiments of hunting prey and killing it. A few lessons were all that was needed. Petal, the only female, joined her foster father when matured. He followed her movements over the next months. She introduced him to another wild female cheetah. Drummond's unique relationship with these wild cheetahs has proven his theory that young cheetahs can be successfully reared by man in the wild and retain their wildness. Let us hope that the introduction of foreign cheetahs can take place in the near future.

Schroeder-MacNaughton_-_Survival_of_the_Swiftest.pdf

Schuling K. 1990. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten des Geparden in menschlicher Obhut unter besonderer Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Haltungsbedingungen, Teil 1- Comperative Investigation of the behaviour of cheetah in captivity with special consideration to different keeping conditions, part 1. [dissertation]. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Fachbereich Biologie. 109 p.

Part 1 of 2. A number of different possibilities and the methodical procedure of this research project are discussed to improve the situation of the cheetah in captivity. These are: change of feeding rhythms, use of a feeding apparatus, creation of neighbouring ungulate enclosures and the extension of the times the animals are spending in their outside enclosures.

Schuling_1990_Behaviour_of_cheetah_in_captivity_under_different_conditions_1.pdf

Schuling K. 1990. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten des Geparden in menschlicher Obhut unter besonderer Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Haltungsbedingungen, Teil 1- Comperative Investigation of the behaviour of cheetah in captivity with special consideration to different keeping conditions, part 2. [dissertation]. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Fachbereich Biologie. 139 p.

Part 2 of 2.

Schuling_1990_Behaviour_of_cheetah_in_captivity_under_different_conditions_2.pdf

Leukoencephalopathy is a recently described disease of cheetahs characterized by white matter degeneration in specific areas of the brain. A 12-year-old male cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) presented with progressive hind-limb ataxia and incoordination of 22-month duration. Magnetic resonance imaging was utilized as a diagnostic technique. The regions of interest were defined as brain and spinal cord. Images produced by magnetic resonance did not show changes in the intensity of the cerebral white matter consistent with a chronic degenerative process. The absence of clear lesions on the MRI implies a final diagnosis can not be made until the animals' signs worsen, and a follow up MRI shows unequivocal lesions, or until C.N.S. lesions can be detected postmortem by means of histopathology. The animal's chronic neurologic signs, apparent occasional blindness, and slow recovery from anesthesia, associated with severe neurologic signs during recovery, indicate it will remain a strong clinical suspect of leukoencephalopathy. Should the animal in this case be found positive, it would suggest that the disease may be suspected clinically before magnetic resonance imaging is a diagnostic option.

Schulz_et_al_2003_Diagnosing_leukoencephalopathy_in_a_cheetah.pdf

Schumann D. 1993. Population dynamic of the cheetah. 18 p.

This report covers the historical background of some facts known about cheetahs such as mortality and natality. This is more a literature study than a practical study, because cheetah are rarely encountered in wild and very little research has been done on the cheetah population of Namibia. Most of the literature therefore originated from Central Africa, but some of the literature is relevant to Namibia. The reason for mating information about cheetahs and their numerical characteristics is that the cheetah will become extinct if people do not become aware of their struggle for survival.

Schumann_1993_Population_Dynamics_of_the_Cheetah.pdf

Schumann ME. 1991. Breeding strategy and field observation of captive cheetah. PAAZAB:5-9.

A report on the breeding strategy and field observation carried out at the Cheetah Breeding and Research Center of the Cango Crocodile Ranch and Cheetahland, during the period January 1990 to July 1991. History, handling and care of the cheetah, diet, breeding strategy and observations are described.

Schumann_1991_Breeding_Strategy_and_Field_Observation_of_Captive_Cheetah.pdf

Sehhar EA. 1997. Conservation of Mediterranean ecosystems. Report, 34 p.

Morocco is an exceptional region from the point of view of both geography and ecology and is the second most biologically diversified country of the Mediterranean basin. However, recently this natural diversity is threatened by the growing pressures of a society in full development. Among large carnivores, the lion has disappeared around 1929, while the leopard and the cheetah surviving in relict populations are almost extinct. This study analyses the sites retained by the MedWetCoast project, for the management and conservation of humid areas, and is principally directed on mammals and the characterization of their habitat.

Sehhar_1997_Conservation_of_mediterranean_ecosystems.pdf

Sehlhorst CS, Dresser BL, Kramer LW. 1985. Comparison of extenders with glyxerol in cryopreservation of semen from exotic and domestic felidae [abstract]. In: Ohio Journal of Science.

Of the 37 species of exotic felidae, approximately one-third are endangered or threatened, while many others are considered critically rare. Current trends of habitat destruction and human encroachment upon these animals in the wild may eventually eliminate existing populations. Inbreeding among remaining captive populations poses an increasing threat to the viability of future generations. To help counteract deleterious effects, current genetic material is collected for long term storage via cryopreservation. Semen was obtained by electroejaculation from the domestic cat (Felis catus) and the following exotic species: Jungle cat (Felis chaus prateri), Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Semen was evaluated for percentage of motile spermatozoa and rate of forward progression of cells. Efficacy of lactose-yolk, TEST-yolk and other extenders to promote sperm liveability was compared at varying glycerol levels. Samples collected were diluted 1:2 with 1 part semen to 2 parts media and cooled quickly to 10°C. Extended semen was aspirated into 1/4 m1 straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen vapour or pelleted by dropping .2 m1 aliquots onto dry ice for comparison. After 10 minutes, straws and pellets were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen for storage. Straws were thawed in a 35°C waterbath for 30 seconds before emptying whereas pellets were placed into equal volumes of Tyrode's solution and thawed quickly in a 37°C waterbath. Thawed specimens were then evaluated for percent motility and forward progression. The acquisition and transportation of adult animals is not only cost prohibitive, but often very risky and stressful. Transportation and storage of genetic material, such as sperm in small straws or pellets, may greatly reduce these factors for rare and valuable animals.

Sehlhorst_et_al_1985_Semen_preservation_in_Felidae.pdf

Setchell KDR, Gosselin SJ, Welsh MB, Johnston OJ, Balistreri WF, Dresser BL. Dietary factors in the development of liver disease and infertility in the captive cheetah. Nutrition and disease:97-100.

The cheetah has been on the endangered species list since the early 1970s because of poaching and habitat destruction. Over the centuries, a lack of genetic variation within the species could threaten the future of the cheetah and place their survival in further jeopardy. The diet is one major difference between cheetahs in captivity and those in the wild. In the wild, cheetahs consume mainly freshly killed, small-hoofed animals, whereas the captive animals is generally reared on a specially prepared, feline diet consisting of horse-meat supplemented with a variety of ingredients including soy protein and micronutrients. We conclude that the presence of the dietary estrogens can explain the reproductive dysfunction in the captive cheetah and may also be contributory in the pathogenesis of the hepatic vascular lesion of veno-occlusive disease.

Setchell_et_al_-_Infertility_and_liver_disease_in_cheetahs.pdf

Setchell KDR, Gosselin SJ, Welsh MB, Johnston OJ, Balistreri WF, Kramer LW, Dresser BL, Tarr MJ. 1987. Dietary estrogens - A probable cause of infertility and liver disease in captive cheetahs. Gastroenterology 93:225-33.

The cheetah in the wild is "racing towards extinction" mostly due to habitat destruction. Its survival will probably depend on accelerated captive breeding. At this time, however, reproductive failure and liver disease threaten the future of the captive cheetah population. Histopathological evaluation of more than 100 cheetah livers identified venocclusive disease as the main hepatic lesion responsible for liver disease in this species. Analysis of the commercial feline diet by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry revealed large amounts of two phytoestrogens identified as daidzein and genistein. These compounds were found to be derived from a soybean product that was a component of the cheetah diet, and their concentrations both ranged from 18 to 35 microg/g diet. The adult cheetah consequently consumes 50 mg/day of these weak estrogens. When extracts of the diet were tested for estrogenicity using a bioassay, a dose-related increase in uterine weight was observed. In 4 cheetahs studied, withdrawal of this feline diet by substitution with a chicken diet resulted in an improvement in conventional liver function tests and a normalization in the appearance of hepatic mitochondria. We conclude that the relatively high concentrations of phytoestrogens from soybean protein present in the commercial diet fed to captive cheetahs in North American zoos may be one of the major factors in the decline of fertility and in the aetiology of liver disease in this species. The survival of the captive cheetah population could depend upon a simple change of diet by excluding exogenous oestrogen.

Setchell_et_al_1987_Infertility_and_liver_disease_in_cheetahs.pdf

Seurat G. 1943. Faune du Maroc meridional et du sud Oranais. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 23:151-8.

The cheetah has been observed in the erg of the Aïn-Sefra and Figuig regions. It would be present in the region of Beni-Abbès in the Ougarta Mounts, and the dunes of the occidental Grand Erg. It follows its prey, the addax and white gazelles herds.

Le guépard a été signalé dans l'erg de la région de l'Aïn-Sefra et de Figuig. Il serait également présent dans la région de Beni-Abbès dans les monts Ougarta, ainsi que dans les dunes du Grand Erg occidental. Il suit les troupeaux d'addax et de gazelles blanches, ses proies.

Seurat_1943_Fauna_of_Morocco.pdf

SharmaV, Sankhala K. 1984. Vanishing Cats of Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Cat Specialist Group meeting in Kanha National Park, India, April 1984. pp. 117-135.

The present study of the ecological status of the lesser cats of Rajasthan is a rapid survey. It gives broad indications of the position of fishing cats, caracals, desert cats and jungle cats. Less than ten fishing cats have been reported from Bharatpur. This is the only locality where fishing cats have been seen. Caracals are known to occur locally in Sariska in Alwar, Ranthambore in Sawaimadhopur, Pali and Doongargarh in Bikaner district. Their number is estimated to be less than fifty. Desert cats are thinly distributed over entire desert range receiving less than 60 cm rainfall. Their number may not be more than 500. Jungle cats are still found all over the State except in extremely arid zone receiving less than 20 cms of rainfall. An intelligent estimate places their population around 2000. The study reveals that the Indian hunting cheetah did not exist in Rajasthan even during the last century when ecological conditions were more favourable than they are even today in Africa. The cats are important in the ecological chain specially in controlling the population of rodent pests. Strict protection, wide publicity and reintroduction of the cats has been suggested. The highlight of the paper are the authentic photographic evidence of the cats in their environments.

Sharma_and_Sankhala_1984_Vanishing_Cats_of_Rajasthan.pdf

Sharp GJ. 1980. Inventory Report - IUCN Red Data Book: Zimbabwe/Cheetah 8 p.

This is a cheetah inventory report from the IUCN red data book. It presents a description of its past distribution in Zimbabwe, the emplacement of major populations, the habitat and ecology, threats to survival, conservation measures taken and proposed, and others remarks about the taxonomic status of Acinonyx rex. The cheetah was sparse and discontinuous distributed throughout the Zimbabwe, and was generally limited to reserved areas and less developed parts of the country. The majority of the cheetah are distributed throughout the middleveld and lowveld areas, although cheetah may be disappearing from this last region as it becomes more settled. The impact of man and man induced changes still constitute the greatest threat to the survival of cheetah outside protected reserves. Educational programmes for the public and the conservation of cheetah populations on private land should be encouraged.

Sharp_1980_Cheetah_Inventory_Report_IUCN_Red_Data_Book.pdf

Sharp NCC. 1997. Timed running speed of a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). J Zool , Lond 241:493-4.

The speed of an adult cheetah was timed at 29m/s (mean of three trials over a 201.2 m course). This is the highest running speed that has been recorded reliably for any animal.

Sharp_1997_Timed_running_speed_of_a_cheetah.pdf

Shorthose WT. 1932. The fauna of Nigeria. Nigerian Field 1(3):3-9.

The author convicted the hunting in the destruction of the Nigeria fauna and the lack of interest taken by the Political and Forestry Departments in the game and the game ordinances of the country. In the fauna list of the Nigeria, the cheetah is present in mostly Zaria and Kano Provinces.

L'auteur dénonce la chasse dans la destruction de la faune du Nigeria et le manque d'intérêt des Départements Politique et Forêts pour le gibier et les arrêtés le concernant dans le pays. Dans la liste de la faune du Nigeria, le guépard est principalement présent dans les Provinces de Zaria et Kano.

Shorthose_1932_Fauna_of_Nigeria.pdf

Shortridge GC. 1934. Cheetah. In: The mammals of south west africa. London: Heinemann; p 104-110.

Biological account of the cheetah in "The mammals of south west Africa".

Shortridge_1934_Cheetah.pdf

Shoshani J. 2004. Paleozoogeography and neozoogeography of mammals in Eritrea. Bulletin Carnegie Museum of Natural History 36:267-76.

The cheetah is mentioned among the mammals extinct in Eritrea.

Le guépard est éteint en Erythrée.

Shoshani_2004_Paleozoogeography_of_mammals_in_Eritrea.pdf

Siamachira J. 1997. Zambezi Society relocates cheetah. Zimbabwe Wildlife:11.

In 1995, the Zambezi Society in conjunction with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, relocates 14 wild cheetahs in Matusadonha National Park in Kariba, an area where the species was rarely encountered. This was a first project of its kind in Africa.

Siamachira_1997_Zambezi_Society_relocates_cheetahs.pdf

Sidiyene EA, Tranier M. 1990. Données recentes sur les Mammifères de l'Adrar des Iforas (Mali). Mammalia 54(3):471-8.

In the region of the Adrar des Iforas, the cheetah is extremely rare. A trail has been followed in the Timaglalen Mounts in the North-West of Kidal. This animal is fearful, easy to drive out, tracked by the nomads for its skin.

Dans la région de l'Adrar des Iforas, le guépard est rarissime. Une piste a été suivie dans les Monts Timaglalen au nord-ouest de Kidal. C'est un animal peureux, facile à chasser, traqué par les nomades pour sa peau.

Sidiyene_1990_Recent_data_on_mammals_in_Mali.pdf

Sinclair ARE, Mduma S, Brashares JS. 2003. Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature 425:288-90.

There are many cases where animal populations are affected by predators and resources in terrestrial ecosystems, but the factors that determine when one or the other predominates remain poorly understood. Here we show, using 40 years of data from the highly diverse mammal community of the Serengeti ecosystem, East Africa, that the primary cause of mortality for adults of a particular species is determined by two factors-the species diversity of both the predators and prey and the body size of that prey species relative to other prey and predators. Small ungulates in Serengeti are exposed to more predators, owing to opportunistic predation, than are larger ungulates; they also suffer greater predation rates, and experience strong predation pressure. A threshold occurs at prey body sizes of  ~150 kg, above which ungulate species have few natural predators and exhibit food limitation. Thus, biodiversity allows both predation (top-down) and resource limitation (bottom-up) to act simultaneously to affect herbivore populations. This result may apply generally in systems where there is a diversity of predators and prey.

Sinclair_et_al_2003_Patterns_of_predation.pdf

Sinsin B, Tehou AC, Daouda I, Saidou A. 2002. Abundance and species richness of larger mammals in Pendjari National Park in Benin. Mammalia 66(3):369-80.

The cheetah has not been found during the survey of the Pendajri National Park, Benin.

Le guépard n'a pas été trouvé pendant le dénombrement de 2000 dans le Parc National de la Pendjari.

Sinsin_2002_Large_mammals_in_Pendjari_NP_Benin.pdf

Mensah GA, Sinsin B, Thomassen E, editors. 2002. Diversité des habitats et de la faune au Benin - Habitat and fauna diversity in Benin. Symposium-worshop on mammal study and biodiversity; 02 Oct 30; Abomey-Calavi, Benin: VVZ/ SEPM/ReRE; 221 p.

The cheetah is present in the Sudanian area of Benin.

Le guépard est présent dans la zone soudanienne du Bénin.

Sinsin_2002_Habitat_and_fauna_diversity_in_Benin.pdf

Skeldon PC. 1973. Breeding cheetahs at Toledo Zoo. Int Zoo Yb 13:151-2.

Breeding cheetahs in captivity: description of mating behaviour and birth. Four cubs were born. A plan of the enclosure at Toledo Zoo is given.

Skeldon_1973_Breeding_Cheetahs_at_Toledo_Zoo.pdf

Skinner JD, Smithers RHN. 1990. Family Felidae - Cats. In: The mammals of the Southern African Subregion. 2 ed. University of Pretoria; p 391-423.

The book chapter gives taxonomic notes, morphological description, and information about the distribution, habitat, and behaviour of 6 cats of the Southern African sub-region. In Namibia the cheetah occurred widely but sparsely throughout, even occasionally as far south as the Orange River mouth. In Botswana they have a wide distribution, exempt in the extreme southeast. In Zimbabwe they are absent from the northeast, which corresponds with their absence in parts of the Tete District of Mozambique and southern Malawi. They occur in Mozambique, south of the Zambezi River, only being absent from the south and southeast. They occur sporadically in the northern parts of the Cape Province, in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park and in parts of the north-western, northern and eastern Transvaal to the southern border of the Kruger National Park. In Natal they were exterminated by the 1930s, but stock from Namibia was re-introduced to Hluhluwe, Umfolozi and Mkuze Game Reserves in 1965, and in 1978 to the eastern shores of Lake St. Lucia.

Skinner_&_Smithers_1990_Felidae.pdf

Skinner JD, Smithers RHN. 1990. Cheetah. In:Skinner JD, Smithers RHN, editors. Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. Pretoria: University Pretoria; p 393-397.

Biological account of the cheetah in "Mammals of the South African Subregion".

Skinner_&_Smithers_1990_Cheetah.pdf

Sliwa A, Olbricht G. 2000. Arabische Raubtiere/Artenvielfalt in einer wenig bekannten Region. Zeitschrift des Kölner Zoo 43(3):107-18.

A total of 18 different carnivore species that occur on the Arabian Peninsula, restricted to the countries Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain are briefly described. Their respective sub-specific classification and local characteristics are described. The status of research and degree of threats to the species with reference to the Arabian Carnivore Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) is mentioned. The large and naturally rare carnivores like the Arabian leopard, wolf and hyena are threatened by direct persecution by man. Strict protective measures, as well as the establishment of reserved areas are necessary in order to stop the vanishing of these species with immediate effect. The recovery of sufficient numbers of native ungulates is another prerequisite for their continued survival. The last cheetah was killed in the Dhofar region in 1977. The medium-sized species like caracal, jackal and red fox have fared better, despite their intensive persecution by humans. The small species are relatively common, though for most of them basic ecological studies and censuses are still missing from the Arabian Peninsula. The populations of the smaller species will hopefully turn out to be larger than initially assumed when more intensive field studies have been conducted. The carnivores of the Arabian Peninsula await many new discoveries and they will hopefully be better studied in future years.

Sliwa_&_Olbricht_2000_Arabische_Raubtiere_Artenvielfalt

Smith JU.1984. Felid Status in the Sultanate of Oman. Proceedings of the Cat Specialist Group meeting in Kahna, India, April 1984. p. 149.

Information on leopard, caracal, wildcat, sand cat and cheetah is presented.

Smith_1984_Felid_Status_in_Oman.pdf

Smithers RHN. 1986. The species and their categories - Cheetah. In: South African Red Data Book - Terrestrial Mammals (Report No.125).

In the South African Red Data Book of 1986, the cheetah is reported as "out of danger", while in the former edition of 1976/7 it was attributed to the category "endangered". In the Cape province, there is a small resident population in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, and they occur from time to time as vagrants on farms in the northern parts of the province along the Botswana border. Extinct in the Orange Free State and Natal. In the Transvaal there is a resident population in the Kruger National Park and individuals cross onto farms in the north from Zimbabwe and Botswana. The development of their habitat, their incompatibility with domestic stock and the high value of their skins appear to be the main responsible factors for their decline.

Smithers_1986_Species_and_their_cathegories.pdf

Smuts GL. 1978. Interrelations Between Predators, Prey, and Their Environment. BioScience 28(5):316-20.

The management of large predators remains a controversial and highly emotional issue all over the world. This can largely be ascribed to a lack of knowledge of the basic factors influencing predators and prey populations. Since about 1903, predator control - principally that of the larger carnivores such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, wild dogs, spotted hyenas, and crocodiles - was routinely practiced in Kruger National Park, South Africa. The possible influence of large predators on prey populations became recently a controversial issue, when wildebeest and zebra populations started declining in the Central District of Kruger Park. Although it was realized that these declines were linked to cropping operations, the drought, and marked habitat changes, there was some evidence that large predators, principally the lion, were the proximate cause of the declines.

Smuts_1978_Interrelations_between_predators_prey_and_their_environment.pdf

Snodgrass KA.  The good, the bad and the ugly. Report.

The cheetah program at Fossil Rim Wildlife Center began in Mai of 1985. The adult cats seemed to be in good condition, were breeding well and producing cubs on this diet.The trouble began when we observed some cub becoming lame. Different tests showed nothing abnormal. Although unable to prove copper deficiency, they were threat with copper supplements and they improved. The future for cheetah depends on a successful captive breeding program.

Snodgrass_-_The_Good_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly.pdf

Sogbohossou E. 2000. Etude des conflits entre les grands carnivores et les populations riveraines de la reserve de Biosphere de la Pendjari, Nord Benin Benin: Bourse Jeunes chercheurs/MAB UNSECO.

According to this study, the cheetah is not responsible for the predation cases on livestock. The carnivores responsible of the attacks are lions and hyenas. About the traditional uses of animals for magical and medicinal purposes, the cheetah is not used by villagers living in the periphery of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, contrarily to the lion and the hyena. However, 3% of the recipes listed concern the cheetah of which the products could be found in local markets. These traditional practices could be a threat for the species. However, the cheetah is also a totem for some of the villagers that can protect it from illegal slaughter.

D'après cette étude, le guépard n'est pas responsable des cas de prédations relevés auprès des éleveurs. Les seuls carnivores responsables de ces attaques sont les lions et les hyènes.
Concernant les usages traditionnels des animaux à des fins médico-magiques, le guépard n'est pas utilisé par les villageois en périphérie de la Réserve de Biosphère de la Pendjari, contrairement au lion et à l'hyène. Cependant, parmi les recettes inventoriées, 3% concerne le guépard, dont les produits sont retrouvés dans les marchés locaux. Ces pratiques traditionnelles pourraient donc constituer une menace pour l'espèce. Cependant, le guépard est également un animal totem pour certains villageois, ce qui le protège de l'abattage illégal.

Sogbohossou_2000_Human-wildlife-conflict_in_Pendjari_Benin.pdf

Spencer J, Marker-Kraus L, Kraus D, Evermann J, O'Brien S.  Seroepidemiology of antibodies to viruses in free-ranging Namibian cheetahs. Report,1 p.

In Namibia, most of the free-ranging cheetahs live on farmlands where they can present problems to the farmers. As a part of the disease surveillance programme all captured animals are tested for the presence of antibodies to feline viruses as well as having DNA RFLP pattern assayed. To date 134 animals have been tested for antibodies to feline herpes, calici, panleukopenia, leukaemia, immunodeficiency and corona viruses. The tests employed include commercially available ELISA kits, immunofluorescent antibodies assays (IFA) and western blotting.The animals have been shown to be positive for herpes, calici, panleukopenia, leukaemia and coronaviruses as well as toxoplasmosis. Two individuals tested positive for feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies by IFA but were negative on western blotting.

Spencer_et_al_-_Seroepidemiology_of_antibodies_to_viruses_of_Namibian_cheetahs.pdf

Spencer JA, Marker-Kraus L, Kraus D, Evermann JF. Antibodies to viral diseases in cheetah in Namibia. Proceedings of the 11th Faculty, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria; p. 27

Cheetahs that are captured as "problem animals" in Namibia are screened for the presence of various diseases before they are rehabilitated at the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases (VTD) and at the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (WADDL), Washington State, USA. None of the animals tested were positive for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Antibodies to feline corona virus (FCoV) were found in 35% (VTD) and 72% (WADDL) of animals tested. Thirteen percent were positive for feline herpes virus (FHV), 22% for feline calici virus (FCV) and 53% for feline panleucopenia virus (FPLV).

Spencer_et_al_-_Antibodies_to_viral_diseases_in_cheetah_in_Namibia.pdf

Spencer JA, Burroughs R. 1991. Antibody response of captive cheetahs to modified-live feline virus vaccine. J Wildl Dis 27(4):578-83.

The antibody response of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) to modified live virus vaccine against feline panleukopedia (FPLV), herpes (FHV) and calici (FCV) viruses was assessed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the first year of study, 82 cheetahs were bled pre-vaccination. Of these, antibody levels to FPLV were found in 100% of the animals. Only 54% were found to have antibodies to FHV and 99% had antibodies to FCV. One month after booster vaccination with the same vaccine, increased antibodies to FPLV, FHV and FCV were seen in 19 (58%), 18 (55%) and 25 (76%) of these animals, respectively (n = 33). In the second year of study, 65 cheetahs were bled pre-vaccination. Fifty three of these animals were negative for antibodies to FPLV while 28 were positive to FHV and 64 were positive for FCV. These animals were then bled 1,2 and 6 mo post booster vaccination. The antibody levels to the various viruses showed different trends with time.

Spencer_&_Burroughs_1991_Antibody_response_of_captive_cheetahs_to_vaccine.pdf

Spencer JA, Burroughs R. 1992. Decline in maternal immunity and antibody response to vaccine in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) cubs. J Wildl Dis 28(1):102-4.

Blood was collected from captive cheetah cubs (Acinonyx jubatus) from the ages of 4 to 12 wk and monitored for the decline in maternally derived antibodies to feline panleukopenia, herpes and calici viruses. A steady decrease was seen in most of the cubs. Antibody responses to inactivated and/or modified live virus (MLV) vaccine also were measured. The strongest responses were seen post vaccination with MLV vaccine only.

Spencer_&_Burroughs_1992_Decline_of_immune_response_to_vaccine_in_cheetah.pdf

Spencer JA. 1993. Lymphocyte blast transformation response and restriction fragment length analysis in the cheetah. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 60:211-7.

An extensive genetic and physiological analysis of the cheetah by O'Brien et al. (1983; 1985; 1987) indicated that the cheetah showed monomorphism at the major histocompatibility complex. This led O'Brien (1985) to propose that the cheetah suffered from an immunodeficiency and was highly susceptible to diseases. It was therefore decided to investigate cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and to apply the limited restriction fragment length analysis (using Pst 1 and Barn H1 enzymes) of the cheetah MHC 1 and MHC II genes. Antibody responses to antigens (feline viruses), as well as mitogen-induced lymphocyte blast transformation responses, were shown to be intact and comparable with that of the domestic cat, indicating a competent immune system in the cheetah. It was also suggested by the results that some polymorphism does exist in the MHC class II genes, but possibly not in the MHC class I genes.

Spencer_1993_Lymphocyte_blast_transformation_responses_and_RFLP_analysis_in_cheetah.pdf

Spencer JA. 1998. Absence of canine distemper antibodies in selected southern Africa nondomestic felids. S Afr J Wildl Res 28(1):8-9.

Sixty eight animals from various parks and zoos in southern Africa were tested for the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV). The areas surveyed include: the Johannesburg and Pretoria zoos, the De Wildt Cheetah Breeding and Research Centre, Botswana (Ghanzi region), Namibia (Gobabis region), the Kruger National Park, Midkwe Game Reserve, and Umfolozi Game Reserve. The species tested include cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) (n=23), lions (Panthera leo) (n=41) and leopards (Panthera pardus) (n=4). None of the 68 animals surveyed tested positive for CDV antibodies indicating a lack of exposure to this potentially fatal disease.

Spencer_1998_Absence_of_canine_distemper_antibodies_in_non-domestic_felids.pdf

Spinage CA. 1981. Some faunal isolates of the Central African Republic. African Journal of Ecology 19:125-32.

Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii has been recorded in the Sudano-Sahelian and the Sudanian zones in the Central African Republic.

Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii a été observé dans les zones soudano-sahéliennes et soudaniennes en République Centrafricaine.

Spinage_1981_Some_faunal_isolates_in_the_CAR.pdf

Stander PE. 1990. Notes on foraging habits of cheetah. S Afr J Wildl Res 20(4):130-2.

Observations on two groups of cheetahs for one and three nights respectively revealed unusual and unrecorded behaviour. Both group compositions exposed unexpected social interactions. One group scavenged meat from a one-day-old carcass and the other hunted during new moon nights. Three cheetahs captured four springboks in two nights and lost them all to other large carnivores. Observations during three hunts suggest a certain degree of group hunting.

Stander_1990_Foraging_habits_of_cheetah.pdf

Stander PE. 1996. Basic ecological parameters and management constraints of lions and cheetahs in Bushmanland and Daudom Game Reserve, Namibia. Report, 8 p.

This report discusses basic ecology, biology and behaviour related to the habits of mainly lions in Namibia with some notes on cheetahs, and where possible compares the results with data from elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. The densities of cheetahs are low for both Bushmanland (0.1-0.14/100km2) and Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (0.05-0.07/100km2). Observation on marked cheetahs gives strong suggestions that the species is resident all year round, utilizing enormous home ranges. The cheetah, which normally occur at low densities, are particularly susceptible to fragmentation of continuous habitat and need large "protected" areas that can support the long-term survival of entire large mammal communities.

Stander_1996_Ecology_and_conservation_of_lions_and_cheetahs_in_Namibia.pdf

Stefani M. 1995. Animali in miniatura - Secrets of the old codes. Airone:1-3.

In this article an ancient art is presented: miniature. This consisted in painting with great patient and precision extremely minuscule subjects, as in the "Taccuino". This book can be considered the first illustrated tome on zoology (here are presented the illustrations of different animals, between which cheetahs, a leopard and a camel).

Stefani_1995_Animali_in_Miniatura.pdf

In this article an ancient art is presented: miniature. This consisted in painting with great patient and precision extremely minuscule subjects, as in the "Taccuino". This book can be considered the first illustrated tome on zoology (here are presented the illustrations of different animals, between which cheetahs, a leopard and a camel).

Steinel_et_al_1999_Characterisation_of_feline_parvovirus_sequences_from_carnivores.pdf

Steinhart P. 1992. Cheetahs. Audubon:42-46.

Two articles about the cheetah:
"The evidence suggests" - that cheetahs are remarkably inbred. A series of studies has shown that all cheetahs, both captive and wild, are nearly identical genetically.
"Cheetahs have fewer" genetic resources with which to fight disease. And that can have devastating effects, as a 1982 epidemic at an Oregon safari park illustrated.

Steinhart_1992_Cheetahs.pdf

Sterndale KA. 1982. Felidae - the cat family. In: Natural history of the mammalia of India and Ceylon. New Delhi: Himalayan Books; p 156-203.

This book chapter of 1884 proposes a description of 16 cat species from India. According to the document, the places where the cheetah was most common were Jeypur in Upper India, and Hyderabad in Southern India. Also, the author cites an interesting letter from "Deccanee Bear" in The Asian of the 22^nd of July, 1880, giving a description of the snaring of some cheetahs.

Sterndale_1982_Felidae_of_India.pdf

Stuart CT. 1975. Preliminary notes on the mammals of the Namib Desert Park. Madoqua 4:41-4.

The known distribution of sixty three species of mammals occurring in the Namib Desert Park, Namibia, is given. Notes on the habitat preferences of most of the species as well as some taxonomic data are included. The cheetah is very scarce in the Namib Desert Park and is rarely seen. One animal has been observed in the Ganab area. A small number of cheetah were released in the Blutkoppie region in 1972. There is one record for Sandwich Harbour, a single animal seen on the dune edge.

Stuart_1975_Mammals_of_the_Namib_Desert_Park.pdf

Stuart CT.  Notes on the mammalian carnivores of the Cape Province, South Africa. Bontebok 1, 1-58. 1981.

This paper presents information gathered over a period of four years on the distribution, status, reproduction, feeding habits and body measurements of the 28 mammalian carnivores known to occur in the Cape Province. Of the 28 species investigated seven are considered to have no long-term future. The wild dog is extinct in the Cape, and the lion and cheetah are restricted to the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Both hyena species can be considered threatened, even inside the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, which is their last Cape stronghold. The serval is close to extinction. The spotted-necked otter requires further investigation as there are no recent records of this species in the Cape Province. The remaining 21 species can be considered to be safe for the foreseeable future.

Stuart_1981_Mammalian_carnivores_-_Cape_Province.pdf

Stuart CT, MacDonald IAW, Mills MGL. 1985. History, Current Status and Conservation of Large Mammalian Predators in Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Biol Conserv 31:7-19.

The status and distribution of the six large mammalian carnivore species known to occur in the Cape Province are presented. This is compared with their past distribution and status. Current threats to the various species are detailed. The wild dog Lycaon pictus is extinct as a breeding species and three species are only represented by small populations in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park; lion Panthera leo, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. The leopard Panthera pardus is represented by small populations in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park and Southern and Western Cape Province. The brown hyena Hyaena brunnea is represented by a population of some 170 individuals in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park and smaller, scattered populations on privately owned land in two areas. The setting up of sanctuary areas for the leopard and the brown hyena in suitable areas is suggested.

Stuart_et_al_1985_Large_predators_in_Cape_Province.pdf

Stuart CT, Wilson VJ. 1988. The cats of Southern Africa Bulawayo: Chipangali Wildlife Trust; 32 p.

In Southern Africa we have seven species of cats, namely, lion, leopard, cheetah, caracal, serval, African wild cat and small spotted cat. Almost all species of cat are declining in numbers and range because of direct or indirect human influences. This booklet sets out to summarize existing knowledge on our seven cat species and examine their past and present distribution and numerical status. Past, present and future conservation problems are discussed and we attempt to give realistic overviews of possible solutions. Once found virtually throughout Southern Africa, with the possible exception of the Namib Desert coastal fringe, forested and high mountain areas, the cheetah has now been pushed back to the north of 25° South. Examination of historical records indicates that cheetah were probably never common, possibly because of competition with other large carnivores. Maps of sightings individuals (and also of the King cheetah) and of the past and present estimated distribution are given.

Stuart_&_Wilson_1988_Cats_of_Southern_Africa.pdf

Sullivan W. 1983. Rare genetic uniformity found in cheetahs. New York Times, 24 July 1983..

In the New York Times of July 1983, the author mentions the rare genetic uniformity found in cheetahs, the bottleneck theory as the cause of this impoverishment, the problems with reproduction and man hunting, and its endangered status.

Sullivan_1983_Rare_genetic_uniformity_in_cheetahs.pdf

Sunquist F. 1992. Cheetahs closer than kissing cousins. Wildlife Conservation:38-43.

Although cheetahs mated and gave birth well enough in the wild, females in captivity rarely came into oestrus and did not seem eager to mate. By 1980 the lack of breeding success had become an acute problem. Frustrated breeders turned to the relatively new fields of molecular genetics and reproductive physiology. In 1985 the researchers found that the cheetah was surprising genetically uniform, had low sperm counts and high number of abnormalities and did not rejected skin grafts coming from other individuals. While two Texas institutions initiated artificial insemination programs in the 1990s, others researchers linked the captive-breeding problem with behavioural arguments and believe that protecting cheetah population outside wildlife reserves and national parks will be critical to the future of the species.

Sunquist_1992_Cheetahs_closer_than_kissing_cousins.pdf

Sunquist M, Sunquist F. 2002. Cheetah: Wild cats of the world. In:Sunquist M, Sunquist F, editors. Wild cats of the world. Chicago and London: Chicago Press University; p 19-36.

The history of the cheetah association with people is presented from the third millenium BC until today. The prehistoric distribution of a cheetah-like cat form is provided. The ancient cheetah, Miracinonyx is described and the origin of the present cheetah is discussed. The cheetah is described in details with physical characteristic (external and internal), specializations for speed, hunting technics, past and present distribution, ecology and behavior (feeding ecology, social organization, reproduction and development), status in the wild and in captivity and conservation measures.

L'histoire des liens entre le guépard et l'homme est présentée du IIIe millénaire avant JC jusqu'à aujourd'hui. La distribution préhistorique d'une forme de chat ressemblant au guépard est fournie. L'ancien guépard, Miracinonyx est décrit et l'origine du guépard actuel est discutée. Le guépard est décrit en détail: ses caractéristiques physiques (externe et interne), sa spécialisation pour la course, ses techniques de chasse, sa distribution passée et présente, son écologie et son comportement (écologie alimentaire, organisation sociale, reproduction et développement, son statut en milieu naturel et en captivité et les mesures de conservation.

Sunquist_2002_Wild_cats_of_the_world_-_Cheetah.pdf