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AAZPA. 1972. Transcript and Addendum - Reproduction in captive cheetah. Report.

A cheetah breeding seminar. Theme is the captive reproduction of cheetahs. There is a problem of a species which is endangered in the wild. The species is certainly endangered in captivity. We also have the problem of a poor reproductive history within the zoo environment. Everyone hopes to find the magic factor. Is it dietary, social, psychological, environmental in the physical sense? Here perhaps we can identify a scientific approach of experimentally manipulating these factors and, if successful then identifying the factor or multiplicity of different but inter-related factors which are essential in the successful breeding of cheetahs. A few of the factors which, to date, seem to be most significant: social environment, sex ratios, ratios of two males to one female, timing of introduction of the sexes, especially seasonally, nature of the physical environment, space or area, enclosure shape, nutritional husbandry and physical condition of the animal. We need also a better understanding of wild cheetah ecology to serve as a key to successful captive breeding.

AAZPA_1972_Transcript_and_Addendum_Reproduction_in_Captive_Cheetah.pdf

AAZPA Felid TAG Regional Collection Plan and IUCN CBSG Global Felid Action Plan. 1992.
Felid action plan, 1991 and 1992. AAZPA Felid TAG and IUCN/SSC CBSG Report, 157 pp.

The year 1991 marked the first cooordinated effort of the North American Felid Taxon Advisory Group (TAG), the Captive Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) and the Cat Specialist Group (CatSG) to address conservation issues relevant to the family Felidae. The result of this inaugural meeting held in May 1991 was a composite of facts, estimated and more importantly, ambitious objectives that could contribute to conserving the world's cats. A vast array of information was assembled and distributed. The productiviy and camaraderie of year 1 was the incentive for holidng the second annual meetin in March 1992. The general aims were to (1) refine the original documents to create a more thorough and accurate second edition, and (2) to begin expanding and acting upon the original 1991 objectives. The present document is the result.

AAZPA_Felid_TAG_&_IUCN/SSC_CBSG_1992_Felid_Action_Plan_1991_and_1992.pdf

Adams, D. B. 1979. The Cheetah: Native American. Science 205, 1155-1158.

Two North American fossil species of large felids, hitherto regarded as Late Cenozoic pumas (mountain lion), are in fact closely related to the living cheetah, Acinonyx, of Africa and Eurasia. A new subgenus (Miracinonyx) is proposed for the American species. Cheetahs and pumas may have had a common ancestor in the Miocene of North America.

Adams_1979_Fossil_relatives_of_cheetah_in_North_America.pdf

Agnelli, P., Azzaroli, M. L., and Simonetta, A. M. 1988. Some remarks on the mammals of Somalia.
Biogeographica 14: 499-513.

The authors give a brief analysis of the known mammalian fauna of Somalia, discussing the ecological and geographical distribution of the different endemisms. The evidence is interpreted as pointing to the more of less long isolation of at least three areas of speciation. The still unsatisfactory situation of our information on the Somali mammals is emphasized. The cheetah is listed as occuring in all subregions of Somalia.

Agnelli_1988_Mammals_of_Somalia.pdf

Ahnelt, P. K., Schubert, C., Kübber-Heiss, A., and Anger, E. M. 2006. Adaptive design in retinal cone topographies of the domestic cat, cheetah and other felids. European Association of Zoo - and Wildlife Veterinarians, 6th scientific meeting, May 24-28, 2006. Budapest, Hungary, European Association of Zoo - and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV). Poster abstract.

While the domestic cat has served as a mammalian model to study retinal circuitry from photoreceptors to ganglion cells, data on the visual capacities of large and endangered Felid species are sparse, We have gathered eyes from 7 felid species, cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), lion (Panthera leo), tiger (Panthera tigris), jaguar (Panthera onca), Siberian manul (Felis manul), Eurasian lynx (Felis lynx) and domestic cats (Felis catus) to compare their retinal cone photoreceptor topography and discuss its correlation to specific lifestyles and habitats.

Ahnelt_et_al_2006_Adaptive_design_in_retinal_cone_topographies.pdf

Al-Jumaily, M. M. 1998. Review of the mammals of the Republic of Yemen. Fauna of Arabia 17, 477-499.

A checklist of the mammals of the Republic of Jemen, with their current status and distribution, is provided. Data were obtained from literature and supported by fieldwork carried out during the period 1994 to 1997. Seventy-one species of terrestrial mammals were found to occur in Yemen. They belong to eight orders and 24 families. They include six insectivores, 23 bats, one baboon, 16 carnivores, one hyracoid, eight artiodactyls, one hare, and 15 rodents. Marine mammals are not included in this review. Each of the 71 mammal species is assigned to one of eight categories according to its affinity with taxa of Arabia, continental Africa, Asia, and the rest of the world. Four species are human introductions. Two species are endemic to Yemen and eight are endemic to Arabia. Twenty-two species have their probable original distribution in Africa, seven species in parts of Asia. Twenty species are distributed in Africa, Arabia, and Asia. Five species have extended their distribution to Europe in addition to Africa and Asia. The remaining three species have a very wild distribution.

Al-Jumaily_1998_Mammals_of_Yemen.pdf

Allen, G. M. 1939. A Checklist of African Mammals.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83, 232-234.

An extract about Felidae from the checklist of African Mammals.

Allen_1939_ A_Checklist_of_African_Mammals.pdf

Amato, G. 1996. Cat-saving Science. pp. 14-66,67. Wildlife Conservation Society.

Genetic issues related to cat biology are separated from those related to cat conservation for cheetahs, lions and pumas. This does not diminish the importance of genetics issues for conservation of cats. It merely points to the need to distinguish when a traditional scientific discipline can, or cannot contribute to practical conservation. While no single issue will constitute the sole concern in felid conservation, conservation genetics will continue to be an important tool in the attempts to confront the complex landscape of problems in today's world. For the cheetah, if problems are only chalked up to inbreeding due to their evolutionary history, one may conclude that humans have little impact and the species is genetically doomed. However, field studies have shown that human behavior have impact on the species' success.

Amato_1996_Cat-saving_science.pdf

Ammann, K. 1985. Letter to Stephen.

Correspondence about the situation of cheetahs and wild dogs in the Masai Masa reserve and the surrounding areas. A project for protection is needed because of high predation on the cheetah and disturbance of tourists. It is suggested to formulate a scientifically sound research project to protect the rehabilitating cheetahs.

Ammann_1985_Letter_to_Stephen.pdf

Ammann, K. 1993. Close encounters of the furred kind: an obituary? pp. 29-30. East African Wildlife Society.

During a trip in the Qattara depression in north-western Egypt in November 1992, the author and an Egyptian colleague found on the last day of the trip a track that they were able to follow for 1.5 km and that they attributed to a cheetah. They considered this as a confirmation of an earlier sighting of an animal in the region.

Ammann_1993_Close_encounters_of_the_furred_kind_-an_obituary.pdf

Anadu, P. A. 1987. Progress in the conservation of Nigeria's wildlife. Biological Conservation 41,: 237-251.

Wildlife conservation in Nigeria from 1914 to the present day is reviewed. The most significant developments in the last decade include the creation of the Kainji Lake National Park at New Bussa, Nigeria signing the ACCN in 1968 and CITES in 1974, and the signing of an agreement with the Republics of Chad, Niger and Cameroon for the joint control of the fauna and flora of the Lake Chad basin in 1977. Cheetahs are listed as an endangered species where hunting and trade is prohibited.

Anadu_1987_Wildlife_of_Nigeria.pdf

Anderson, J. L. 1983. A strategy for cheetah conservation in Africa.
In International Symposium on Extinction Alternatives EWT, pp. 127-135.

This paper stems from the problems experienced in the reintroduction of cheetah into the Pilanesburg Game Reserve. The status and trend of cheetah populations are briefly discussed, then recent and current efforts at cheetah conservation are examined. Finally, what are considered realistic tactics for future cheetah conservation are suggested.

Anderson_1983_Strategy_for_cheetah_conservation_in_Africa.pdf

Anderson, J. L. 1986. Restoring a wilderness: the reintroduction of wildlife to an African National Park.
International Zoo Yearbook 24/25, 192-199.

In the restocking of an area with wildlife the carrying capacity, stocking rate, habitat suitability and endemic diseases present must be considered. An imbalance in the age/sex ratios as a consequence of the practicalities of capture and transportation techniques may temporarily affect the success for a project. When unloading animals from transport vehicles it is preferable to release them directly into a field or, should this not be possible, into a temporary fenced enclosure to allow them to re-establish their social groupings over a number of hours. The Pilanesberg reintroduction project, where nearly 6000 animals of 20 species were relocated, is considered to have been highly successful and in 1984 an economic return of almost US$250000 was obtained from the sale of animals. The introduction of the Cheetah was inappropriate. Their number had to be controlled because of their high reproduction and absence of predators.

Anderson_1986_Restoring_a_wilderness_the_reintroduction_of_wildlife_to_an_African_nation_park.pdf

Anderson, J. 1992. Translocation of South African Carnivores. Cat News 17, 15-6.

While translocations of ungulates in South Africa have reached the level where more than 20'000 animals are moved annually, re-introductions of carnivores have been far more limited and proportionally less successful. Cheetah introduction into Ndumu, Mkuzi and the Eastern Shores of St.Lucia were unsuccessful, in part due to lack of suitable habitat. Re-introductions to Pilanesber, Sukerbosrand and Itala were regarded as too successful in that rapidly increasing populations were having a significant impact on ungulates. The introduction of cheetahs into the Kalahari Gemsbok and Kruger National Parks was to improve the status of the species which was perceived to be rare.

Anderson_1992_Translocation_of_South_African_Carnivores.pdf

Angier, N. 1992. Cheetahs appear vigorous despite inbreeding. New York Times , B5-B8. 10-11-1992.

Genetic studies during the 1980s concluded that the cheetah had suffered a population crash 10'000 years ago, where they lost more than 90% of their genetic variation. The now low genetic variability was thought to be responsible for the low breeding success, also in captivity. A recent study calls into question the validity of taking a strictly molecular approach to the sometimes murky science of species preservation, and it strongly suggests that scientists do not yet know enough about how certain genetic patterns detected in laboratory tests translate into the strengths and weaknesses of a wild animals. Scientists at the Centre for the Reproduction of Endangered Species at the Zoological Society of San Diego say that those zoos that have trouble propagating cheetahs in captivity should not blame the animal's DNA, but rather their onw inaptitue at animal husbandry and matchmaking.

Angier_1992_Cheetahs_appear_vigorous_despite_inbreeding.pdf

A.N.N. and IUCN. 1996. Programme pour la réhabilitation du guépard (Acinonyx jubatus) en Algérie
(Recovery program for the cheetah in Algeria). Report, 11 pp.

A project proposal for a recovery program for the cheetah in Algeria outlines the following steps: (1) produce a bibliography and based on that perform (2) a field study in three steps: (2a) make a survey with a questionnaire investigating the opinion of the local population; (2b) based on the results from the questionnaire visit field sites where cheetahs occur according to the local population to confirm their presence; and (2c) carry out a field study with the aim to observe, count, describe and protect the cheetah.

ANN_&_IUCN_1996_Recovery_program_for_the_cheetah_in_Algeria.pdf

Ansell, W. F. H. 1978. Distribution Maps of Felidae in Zambia.
In The Mammals of Zambia: Maps Nr. 109 to Nr. 116. Chilanga, Zambia: The National Parks & Wildlife Service.

Maps of the distribution of Felidae and other taxonomic groups in Zambia. Felidae are represented by the cheetah, the leopard, the lion, the serval and the caracal.

Ansell_1978_Distribution_of_Felidae_in_Zambia.pdf

Ansell, W. F. H., Dowsett, R. J. 1988. Family Felidae (Cats). In Mammals of Malawi, pp. 65-69. Trendline Press, Cornwall.

Description and maps of Felidae from Malawi. The cheetah seems always to have been scarce in Malawi, and was unrecorded anywhere south of the Ntcheu District. In the late 1980s, the only place with positive information in Malawi was the Kasungu National Park where, although scarce, it was still present.

Ansell_&_Dowsett_1988_Felidae_of_Malawi.pdf

Arambourg, C. 1979. Vertébrés Vallafranchiens d'Afrique du Nord
(Villafranchian vertebrates in North Africa). Fondation Singer-Polignac, pp. 131-141.

This report focuses on vertebrate fauna inhabiting North Africa during the Villafranchian period. The author compared findings from different African deposits and mentioned the discovery of cheetah's remains in Villafranchian sedimentary deposit at Oldoway (Tanzania)

Ce rapport porte sur les vertébrés occupant l'Afrique du Nord pendant la période villafranchienne. L'auteur compare les résultats de différents gisements africains et note la découverte de restes de guépard dans les dépôts sédimentaires villafranchien à Oldoway en Tanzanie.

Arambourg_1979_Villafranchian_vertebrates_in_North_Africa.pdf

Asadi, H. 1997.The environmental limitations and future of the Asiatic cheetah in Iran.
Report on behalf of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, 30 pp.

The present range and distribution of the cheetah in Iran is a response to a wide range of factors, including security, food acquisition and breeding. These are the key forces driving Asiatic cheetahs towards largely unpopulated true desert, which certainly does not support high densities of ungulates. Their range and numbers have been reduced to their lowest within 30 years. It is difficult at this stage to explain things easily without quantification of the ecological, political, social and cultural factors involved. The cheetahs retreat to unsuitable habitats may be a temporary insurance against extinction but it is important to protect the area now.

Asadi_1997_Environmental_limitations_and_future_of_Asiatic_cheetah_in_ Iran.pdf

Atkinson, M. W., Wood, P. 1995. The Re-introduction of cheetah into the Matusadona National Parks, Zimbabwe. Re-Introduction News 10, 7-8.

Cheetahs are distributed throughout Zimbabwe both in protected areas and on commercial farmland. Farmers made pressure to relocate some of the animals on their ground. In 1992, the government decided to relocate animals to Matusadona National Park on the southern shoreline of Lake Kariba. Four cheetahs were brouth to a boma, where they spent 6-8 weeks to become acclimatised to the new area and to allow a period of veterinary surveillance.

Atkinson_&_Wood_1995_Re-introduction_of_cheetah_in_Matusadona_Zimbabwe.pdf

Atkinson, M. W., Wood, P. 1995. Re-introduction of cheetah in Matusadona, Zimbabwe. Cat News 23, 15.

As cheetahs have CITES Appendix II status in Zimbabwe, 50 animals per year are allocated for sport hunting. However, several ranchers still have surplus animals, many of which are beginning to kill livestock, and they have expressed a desire to see these animals relocated within the Parks and Wildlife Estate. In 1992, the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management proposed the relocation of a breeding population of cheetahs from these farming areas to a suitable area in the Zambezi Valley in the north of Zimbabwe.

Atkinson_&_Wood_1995_Reintroduction_of_Cheetah_in_Matusadona.pdf

Augustus P, Casavant K. 2005. A summary of the cheetah program at the San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park.
Animal Keeper's Forum 7/8, 370.

Atkinson_&_Wood_1995_Reintroduction_of_Cheetah_in_Matusadona.pdf

Aulagnier S. 1990. Zoogeographie et statut des carnivores du Maroc (
Status of carnivores in Morocco). Vie Milieu 40, 150-155.

At the beginning of the XXth century, 19 species of Carnivores inhabited Morocco, since then lion, serval and cheetah have gone extinct. The distribution of all the surviving species is mapped. Five patterns of distribution are observed, they can be sensibly linked with the main climatic zones of the country. The biogeographic origin of the moroccoan Carnivorous is rather diversified (seven fauna types) but these are mainly indo-ethiopian (7) and paleotropical (4) species, derived from the Plio-Pleistocene panafrican fauna. The decline of the carnivors has not been stopped by their legal protection (Canids and weasels are not protected); wild environments are damage by farmers, shepherds and foresters, and some new extinctions are expected for the coming years.

Le guépard est considéré comme éteint au Maroc depuis 1975.

Aulagnier_1990_Carnivores_of_Morocco.pdf

Aulagnier S., Thevnot, M. 1986. Catalogue des mammiferes sauvages du Maroc
(Checklist of mammals in Morocco). Institut Scientifique, Rabat, pp. 116-177, 151.

In this checklist of wild mammals of Morocco, the author provides a description of the cheetah, its habits and distribution. Very uncommon on the Arabian Peninsula, cheetah only survived in Africa in open habitats between 20° North and 28° south. Because the last reports of cheetah sightings were made in the 1970's and were limited to the northern limits of their range (cheetah cubs found in a cave near Oued Draa mouth; several observations in Jbel Ouarkziz reported by nomads between 1970 and 1975; captive gazelle would have been attacked by a cheetah in 1974 in Sequiat el Hamra), he considered cheetah survival in Morocco as hypothetical. The author also reported that Ortoli brought to the Rabat Museum a cheetah skin sample found in 1923 near Figuig.

Dans cette liste des mammifères sauvages du Maroc, l'auteur décrit le guépard, son habitat et sa répartition. Très rare dans la Péninsule Arabique, le guépard survivrait uniquement en Afrique dans des habitats ouverts entre le 20^e de latitude nord et le 28^e de latitude sud. Comme les dernières observations de guépard ont été faites dans les années 1970 et se limitaient à l'extrémité septentrionale de leurs aires de répartition (petits guépard trouvés dans une grotte près de l'embouchure de Oued Draa, plusieurs observations rapportées par des nomades dans le Jbel Ouarkziz entre 1970 et 1975, des gazelles captives auraient été attaquées par un guépard en 1974 dans le Sequiat el Hamra), il considère que la survie du guépard au Maroc est hypothétique. L'auteur rapporte également que Ortoli a rapporté du Muséum de Rabat un échantillon de peau de guépard trouvé en 1923 près de Figuig.

Aulagnier_&_Thevenot_1986_The_cheetah_in_Morocco.pdf